diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
index 2e0b0fef8e9d..0f5096d05dae 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 const {
   ArrayPrototypeJoin,
   ArrayPrototypeMap,
+  ArrayPrototypePush,
   ArrayPrototypeReduce,
+  ArrayPrototypeSome,
   FunctionPrototypeCall,
   JSONStringify,
   ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
@@ -123,6 +125,7 @@ const { defaultLoadSync, throwUnknownModuleFormat } = require('internal/modules/
  *   responseURL?: string,
  *   translatorKey: string,
  *   isResolvedBySyncHooks: boolean,
+ *   isLoadedBySyncHooks: boolean,
  *   isSourceLoadedSynchronously: boolean,
  * }} TranslateContext
  */
@@ -761,7 +764,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
   /**
    * This is the default resolve step for module.registerHooks(), which incorporates asynchronous hooks
    * from module.register() which are run in a blocking fashion for it to be synchronous.
-   * @param {{isResolvedByDefaultResolve: boolean}} out Output object to track whether the default resolve was used
+   * @param {{isResolvedByDefaultStep: boolean}} out Output object to track whether the default step was used
    *   without polluting the user-visible resolve result.
    * @param {string|URL} specifier See {@link resolveSync}.
    * @param {{ parentURL?: string, importAttributes: ImportAttributes, conditions?: string[]}} context
@@ -769,10 +772,12 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    * @returns {{ format: string, url: string }}
    */
   #resolveAndMaybeBlockOnLoaderThread(out, specifier, context) {
+    // Track that the synchronous hooks reached the default step, whether the
+    // asynchronous hooks or the default resolver handle it.
+    out.isResolvedByDefaultStep = true;
     if (this.#asyncLoaderHooks?.resolveSync) {
       return this.#asyncLoaderHooks.resolveSync(specifier, context.parentURL, context.importAttributes);
     }
-    out.isResolvedByDefaultResolve = true;
     return this.#cachedDefaultResolve(specifier, context);
   }
 
@@ -793,7 +798,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
     const specifier = `${request.specifier}`;
     const importAttributes = request.attributes ?? kEmptyObject;
     // Use an output parameter to track the state and avoid polluting the user-visible resolve results.
-    const out = { isResolvedByDefaultResolve: false, __proto__: null };
+    const out = { isResolvedByDefaultStep: false, __proto__: null };
 
     let result;
     let isResolvedBySyncHooks = false;
@@ -802,7 +807,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
       result = resolveWithSyncHooks(specifier, parentURL, importAttributes, this.#defaultConditions,
                                     this.#resolveAndMaybeBlockOnLoaderThread.bind(this, out));
       // If the default step ran, sync hooks did not short-circuit the resolution.
-      isResolvedBySyncHooks = !out.isResolvedByDefaultResolve;
+      isResolvedBySyncHooks = !out.isResolvedByDefaultStep;
     } else {
       const context = {
         ...request,
@@ -824,6 +829,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
    *   format: ModuleFormat,
    *   source: ModuleSource,
    *   responseURL?: string,
+   *   isLoadedBySyncHooks: boolean,
    *   isSourceLoadedSynchronously: boolean,
    * }} LoadResult
    * @param {string} url The URL of the module to be loaded.
@@ -841,20 +847,31 @@ class ModuleLoader {
   /**
    * This is the default load step for module.registerHooks(), which incorporates asynchronous hooks
    * from module.register() which are run in a blocking fashion for it to be synchronous.
-   * @param {{isSourceLoadedSynchronously: boolean}} out
-   *   Output object to track whether the source was loaded synchronously without polluting
-   *   the user-visible load result.
+   * @param {{isSourceLoadedSynchronously: boolean, defaultStepResults?: object[]}} out
+   *   Output object to track whether the source was loaded synchronously, and the results
+   *   of this step when there are synchronous hooks, without polluting the user-visible load result.
    * @param {string} url See {@link load}
    * @param {object} context See {@link load}
    * @returns {{ format: ModuleFormat, source: ModuleSource }}
    */
   #loadAndMaybeBlockOnLoaderThread(out, url, context) {
+    let result;
     if (this.#asyncLoaderHooks?.loadSync) {
       out.isSourceLoadedSynchronously = false;
-      return this.#asyncLoaderHooks.loadSync(url, context);
+      result = this.#asyncLoaderHooks.loadSync(url, context);
+    } else {
+      out.isSourceLoadedSynchronously = true;
+      result = defaultLoadSync(url, context);
+    }
+    if (out.defaultStepResults !== undefined) {
+      // Copy the format and source, as the hooks may modify the result in place.
+      ArrayPrototypePush(out.defaultStepResults, {
+        __proto__: null,
+        format: result.format,
+        source: result.source,
+      });
     }
-    out.isSourceLoadedSynchronously = true;
-    return defaultLoadSync(url, context);
+    return result;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -870,10 +887,15 @@ class ModuleLoader {
     // Use an output parameter to track the state and avoid polluting the user-visible resolve results.
     const out = {
       isSourceLoadedSynchronously: true,
+      defaultStepResults: undefined,
       __proto__: null,
     };
     let result;
+    let isLoadedBySyncHooks = false;
     if (syncLoadHooks.length) {
+      out.defaultStepResults = [];
+      let finalFormat;
+      let finalSource;
       // Has module.registerHooks() hooks, chain the asynchronous hooks in the default step.
       // TODO(joyeecheung): construct the ModuleLoadContext in the loaders directly instead
       // of converting them from plain objects in the hooks.
@@ -883,11 +905,23 @@ class ModuleLoader {
         context.importAttributes,
         this.#defaultConditions,
         this.#loadAndMaybeBlockOnLoaderThread.bind(this, out),
-        validateLoadSloppy,
+        (url, context, result) => {
+          // The last result validated is the final one, before its source gets decoded.
+          ({ format: finalFormat, source: finalSource } = result);
+          return validateLoadSloppy(url, context, result);
+        },
+      );
+      // The sync hooks customized the loading if they provided a source, other than passing
+      // on the format and source from the default step. A nullish source for CommonJS means
+      // that the CommonJS loader should load it.
+      isLoadedBySyncHooks = finalSource != null && !ArrayPrototypeSome(
+        out.defaultStepResults,
+        (step) => step.format === finalFormat && step.source === finalSource,
       );
     } else {
       result = this.#loadAndMaybeBlockOnLoaderThread(out, url, context);
     }
+    result.isLoadedBySyncHooks = isLoadedBySyncHooks;
     result.isSourceLoadedSynchronously = out.isSourceLoadedSynchronously;
     return result;
   }
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
index 583b6d1fe91d..575eb1e2a828 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/translators.js
@@ -351,9 +351,9 @@ translators.set('require-commonjs-typescript', (url, translateContext, parentURL
 // This goes through Module._load to accommodate monkey-patchers.
 /**
  * Loads a CommonJS module through Module._load to accommodate monkey-patchers.
- * If the module was resolved by synchronous hooks (i.e. not by the default resolver),
- * passes the pre-resolved information and source to Module._load to avoid
- * re-resolving and re-loading.
+ * If the module was resolved by synchronous hooks (i.e. without reaching the default step),
+ * or its format or source was provided by synchronous hooks, passes the pre-resolved
+ * information and source to Module._load to avoid re-resolving and re-loading.
  * @param {import('internal/modules/cjs/loader').Module} module - The module to load.
  * @param {string} source - The source code of the module.
  * @param {string} url - The URL of the module.
@@ -365,7 +365,12 @@ function loadCJSModuleWithModuleLoad(module, source, url, filename, isMain, tran
   assert(module === CJSModule._cache[filename]);
   debug(`loadCJSModuleWithModuleLoad ${url}`);
   let exports;
-  if (translateContext.isResolvedBySyncHooks) {
+  // Otherwise the CommonJS loader would resolve the module again, which may not find it,
+  // and pick the extension handler by the file name instead of the format from the hooks.
+  // Leave builtins alone, as Module._load() runs the load hooks again for them and
+  // expects the builtin format.
+  if (translateContext.isResolvedBySyncHooks ||
+      (translateContext.isLoadedBySyncHooks && !StringPrototypeStartsWith(url, 'node:'))) {
     exports = wrapModuleLoad(filename, undefined, isMain, {
       __proto__: null,
       resolved: {
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/data.json b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/data.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0967ef424bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/data.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{}
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/format-only.mjs b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/format-only.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6d0da5fe8797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/format-only.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = { name: "format-only.mjs" };
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/main.js b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4f61ce38d14b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/main.js
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+'use strict';
+// Imports modules that synchronous load hooks provide as CommonJS, while the
+// resolve hook passes on the default resolution when there is one.
+
+const { registerHooks } = require('module');
+const path = require('path');
+const { pathToFileURL } = require('url');
+
+const missingURL = pathToFileURL(path.join(__dirname, 'missing.cjs')).href;
+const mutatedURL = pathToFileURL(path.join(__dirname, 'mutated.mjs')).href;
+const formatOnlyURL = pathToFileURL(path.join(__dirname, 'format-only.mjs')).href;
+const dataURL = 'data:text/javascript,export default "from data URL";';
+
+const names = new Map([
+  [pathToFileURL(path.join(__dirname, 'data.json')).href, 'data.json'],
+  [pathToFileURL(path.join(__dirname, 'module.mjs')).href, 'module.mjs'],
+  [missingURL, 'missing.cjs'],
+  [dataURL, 'data URL'],
+]);
+
+registerHooks({
+  resolve(specifier, context, nextResolve) {
+    try {
+      return nextResolve(specifier, context);
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (specifier === './missing.cjs') {
+        return { url: missingURL, shortCircuit: true };
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
+  },
+  load(url, context, nextLoad) {
+    // The two cases below customize the result from the default step. With
+    // asynchronous hooks, they still use the re-invented require(), so they don't
+    // report require.cache.
+    // TODO: load them with the CommonJS loader in that case too.
+    if (url === mutatedURL) {
+      // Modify the result in place.
+      const result = nextLoad(url, context);
+      result.format = 'commonjs';
+      result.source = 'module.exports = { name: "mutated.mjs" };';
+      return result;
+    }
+    if (url === formatOnlyURL) {
+      // Only override the format of the CommonJS source in a .mjs file.
+      return { ...nextLoad(url, context), format: 'commonjs' };
+    }
+    const name = names.get(url);
+    if (name !== undefined) {
+      return {
+        format: 'commonjs',
+        source: `module.exports = { name: ${JSON.stringify(name)}, ` +
+                'hasRequireCache: require.cache !== undefined };',
+        shortCircuit: true,
+      };
+    }
+    return nextLoad(url, context);
+  },
+});
+
+// Import the modules one by one to keep the output in order.
+let imported = Promise.resolve();
+const specifiers = [
+  './data.json', './module.mjs', './missing.cjs', dataURL, './mutated.mjs', './format-only.mjs',
+];
+for (const specifier of specifiers) {
+  imported = imported
+    .then(() => import(specifier))
+    .then(({ default: result }) => console.log(JSON.stringify(result)));
+}
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/module.mjs b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/module.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0b5728904626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/module.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export default 'from disk';
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/mutated.mjs b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/mutated.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0b5728904626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-custom-format/mutated.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export default 'from disk';
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-require-extensions/main.js b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-require-extensions/main.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..12da05e7c1d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-require-extensions/main.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+'use strict';
+// Imports a .ts file as CommonJS, with a resolve hook that only overrides the
+// format, and a load hook that doesn't provide its own source in the way named
+// by the first argument. The require.extensions handler for .ts should load it.
+
+const fs = require('fs');
+const Module = require('module');
+const path = require('path');
+const { pathToFileURL } = require('url');
+
+const targetURL = pathToFileURL(path.join(__dirname, 'target.ts')).href;
+
+Module._extensions['.ts'] = (mod, filename) => {
+  const source = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8');
+  mod._compile(source.replace('original', 'transformed'), filename);
+};
+
+const loadHooks = {
+  'pass-through': (url, context, nextLoad) => nextLoad(url, context),
+  'spread': (url, context, nextLoad) => ({ ...nextLoad(url, context) }),
+  'next-twice': (url, context, nextLoad) => {
+    const result = nextLoad(url, context);
+    nextLoad(url, context);
+    return result;
+  },
+  'nullish-source': (url, context, nextLoad) => {
+    if (url === targetURL) {
+      return { format: 'commonjs', source: null, shortCircuit: true };
+    }
+    return nextLoad(url, context);
+  },
+};
+
+Module.registerHooks({
+  resolve(specifier, context, nextResolve) {
+    const result = nextResolve(specifier, context);
+    if (result.url === targetURL) {
+      return { ...result, format: 'commonjs' };
+    }
+    return result;
+  },
+  load: loadHooks[process.argv[2]],
+});
+
+import(targetURL).then(({ default: result }) => console.log(result));
diff --git a/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-require-extensions/target.ts b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-require-extensions/target.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b0a7d69e8b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/module-hooks/import-cjs-require-extensions/target.ts
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module.exports = 'original';
diff --git a/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-load-builtin-override-commonjs-import.js b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-load-builtin-override-commonjs-import.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d3cd55eb2e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-load-builtin-override-commonjs-import.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+'use strict';
+
+// This tests that load hooks can override the format of imported builtin
+// modules to 'commonjs' after calling nextLoad().
+const common = require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const { registerHooks } = require('module');
+
+// Pick a builtin that's unlikely to be loaded already - like zlib.
+assert(!process.moduleLoadList.includes('NativeModule zlib'));
+
+const hook = registerHooks({
+  load: common.mustCall(function load(url, context, nextLoad) {
+    const result = nextLoad(url, context);
+    if (url === 'node:zlib' && result.format === 'builtin') {
+      return {
+        source: 'exports.custom_zlib = "overridden by load hook";',
+        format: 'commonjs',
+        shortCircuit: true,
+      };
+    }
+    return result;
+  }, 2), // Called by the ESM loader, then again by Module._load() for the builtin.
+});
+
+import('node:zlib').then(common.mustCall((ns) => {
+  assert.strictEqual(ns.default.custom_zlib, 'overridden by load hook');
+  assert.strictEqual(ns.default.createGzip, undefined);
+  hook.deregister();
+}));
diff --git a/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-load-import-cjs-custom-format.js b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-load-import-cjs-custom-format.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7694db228cbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-load-import-cjs-custom-format.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+'use strict';
+// Test that imported CJS uses the format and source from synchronous load hooks,
+// with and without asynchronous hooks from module.register(), when the resolve
+// hooks don't short-circuit, or the module is not on disk. When the load hooks
+// don't call nextLoad(), the module also gets the full CommonJS require().
+// Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/63060
+// Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/66998
+
+require('../common');
+const { spawnSyncAndAssert } = require('../common/child_process');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+
+const main = fixtures.path('module-hooks', 'import-cjs-custom-format', 'main.js');
+const asyncForward = fixtures.fileURL('module-hooks', 'sync-and-async', 'async-forward.js').href;
+
+const stdout = [
+  '{"name":"data.json","hasRequireCache":true}',
+  '{"name":"module.mjs","hasRequireCache":true}',
+  '{"name":"missing.cjs","hasRequireCache":true}',
+  '{"name":"data URL","hasRequireCache":true}',
+  '{"name":"mutated.mjs"}',
+  '{"name":"format-only.mjs"}',
+].join('\n');
+
+for (const preload of [[], ['--import', asyncForward]]) {
+  spawnSyncAndAssert(process.execPath, [...preload, main], {
+    stdout,
+    trim: true,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-load-import-cjs-custom-source-async-resolve.js b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-load-import-cjs-custom-source-async-resolve.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..58872f5a6371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-load-import-cjs-custom-source-async-resolve.js
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'use strict';
+// Test that imported CJS resolved to a non-file URL, or to a file that is not on
+// disk, by asynchronous hooks from module.register(), with the source provided by
+// synchronous hooks from module.registerHooks(), won't be resolved again by the
+// CJS loader (in which case it would throw because the module is not on disk).
+
+const common = require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const path = require('path');
+const { register, registerHooks } = require('module');
+const { pathToFileURL } = require('url');
+
+const missingURL = pathToFileURL(path.join(__dirname, 'missing.cjs')).href;
+const sources = new Map([
+  ['virtual:entry', 'module.exports = "from virtual URL";'],
+  [missingURL, 'module.exports = "from missing file";'],
+]);
+
+const asyncHooks = `
+export async function resolve(specifier, context, nextResolve) {
+  if (specifier === 'virtual:entry') {
+    return { url: specifier, format: 'commonjs', shortCircuit: true };
+  }
+  if (specifier === 'missing') {
+    return { url: ${JSON.stringify(missingURL)}, format: 'commonjs', shortCircuit: true };
+  }
+  return nextResolve(specifier, context);
+}
+`;
+register(`data:text/javascript,${encodeURIComponent(asyncHooks)}`);
+
+const hook = registerHooks({
+  resolve: common.mustCall((specifier, context, nextResolve) => {
+    return nextResolve(specifier, context);
+  }, 2),
+  load: common.mustCall((url, context, nextLoad) => {
+    if (sources.has(url)) {
+      return {
+        format: 'commonjs',
+        source: sources.get(url),
+        shortCircuit: true,
+      };
+    }
+    return nextLoad(url, context);
+  }, 2),
+});
+
+Promise.all([
+  import('virtual:entry'),
+  import('missing'),
+]).then(common.mustCall(([virtual, missing]) => {
+  assert.strictEqual(virtual.default, 'from virtual URL');
+  assert.strictEqual(missing.default, 'from missing file');
+  hook.deregister();
+}));
diff --git a/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-resolve-import-cjs-require-extensions.js b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-resolve-import-cjs-require-extensions.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0a83416c2f54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/module-hooks/test-module-hooks-resolve-import-cjs-require-extensions.js
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+'use strict';
+// Test that when module.registerHooks() resolve hooks call nextResolve() and only
+// override the format to 'commonjs', and the load hooks don't provide their own
+// source, the imported CJS module is still loaded through require.extensions,
+// with or without asynchronous hooks from module.register(). The asynchronous
+// hooks run in the default step of the synchronous hooks, so passing through
+// them should not count as a short-circuit.
+// Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/66998
+
+require('../common');
+const { spawnSyncAndAssert } = require('../common/child_process');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+
+const main = fixtures.path('module-hooks', 'import-cjs-require-extensions', 'main.js');
+const asyncForward = fixtures.fileURL('module-hooks', 'sync-and-async', 'async-forward.js').href;
+
+for (const preload of [[], ['--import', asyncForward]]) {
+  for (const load of ['pass-through', 'spread', 'next-twice', 'nullish-source']) {
+    spawnSyncAndAssert(process.execPath, [...preload, main, load], {
+      stdout: 'transformed',
+      trim: true,
+    });
+  }
+}